Friday, August 21, 2020

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun Essay -- essays research pap

Lorraine Hansberry’s tale, A Raisin in the Sun, spins around a white collar class African-American family, battling during World War II. By finding out about the Younger’s consistent with life encounters, one learns numerous significant life exercises. One of the previously mentioned would be that an individual should consistently put family’s needs before their own. There are numerous instances of this all through the novel. Only a couple of these future the case of Ruth and her unborn child, Walter recovering the regard of his family, and Mama and her unselfish ways.      The first occasion that shows one should consistently put family previously oneself is the situation of Ruth and her unborn child. From the outset, Ruth is considering having a fetus removal, and has just paid a five-dollar initial installment to the specialist. She discloses to Walter her thinking for such uncommon measures by saying, â€Å"†¦Iâ€I’m sorry about this new child, Walter. I surmise possibly I better go on and do what I started†¦ I surmise I just didn’t acknowledge how awful things was with us†¦ I surmise I just didn’t realize.†(87) Ruth will pulverize this child since she feels that she and Walter simply need more cash to help another relative, and feels that she and Walter will just bring the infant into a universe of battling. Beneatha likewise has effect on Ruth’s choice by asking, â€Å"†¦ where is he going to live? On the roof?†(58). Beneatha feels that if Ruth has another infant it would simply confuse the day to day environment, which is difficult enough all things consider ed. Afterward, even with the entirety of this negative vitality, Ruth comes to understand that she ought not end the life of her child and chooses to keep it. One of her purposes behind this difference in heart is that her and Walter have been showing signs of improvement, and their consistent battling was one of the principle reasons she would not like to have the child in any case. Likewise, since they are on the whole moving into another house, there will be sufficient space for the infant. At long last, in spite of the fact that having a fetus removal appears as though a simple way out, Ruth rather contemplates the baby’s life as opposed to her own, and decides not to end her pregnancy. Another model that demonstrates this, is when Walter parts with his and Beneatha's cash to purchase an alcohol store, and loses everything. He at that point attempts to recover the cash by offering their new house to Mr. Lindner, in spite of the fact that the main explanation Mr. Lindner needs to get it is becau... ... purchase the family another house so that Travis would have a superior spot to grow up. Mom could have spent that cash on something she needed, yet rather purchased something that would satisfy the entire family. After she purchases their new house, Mama gives Beneatha $3000 dollars towards school and gives Walter $3500 dollars to better his future. Mom has given the entirety of the protection cash to the individuals she thinks about, and saved none of it for herself. She pondered her children’s future and chose to put away the cash towards a superior life for them. This is an unselfish follow up on Mama’s section, an ideal case of putting family before oneself. Albeit now and again individuals can get enveloped with occasions that they feel just concern themselves, they ought to consistently pause for a minute to consider how their activities could be influencing their loved ones. Companions will consistently travel every which way, however family is until the end of time. In the event that an individual needs to remain nearby to their family, they need to consider things from both theirs and the different person’s perspectives. For affection, individuals need to forfeit things that they probably won't have any desire to, yet they need to adore their families enough to help them before they help themselves. Lorraine Hansberry's A Raisin In The Sun Essay - expositions look into pap Lorraine Hansberry’s tale, A Raisin in the Sun, rotates around a white collar class African-American family, battling during World War II. By finding out about the Younger’s consistent with life encounters, one learns numerous significant life exercises. One of the previously mentioned would be that an individual should consistently put family’s needs before their own. There are numerous instances of this all through the novel. Only a couple of these eventual the case of Ruth and her unborn child, Walter recapturing the regard of his family, and Mama and her unselfish ways.      The first occasion that shows one should consistently put family previously oneself is the situation of Ruth and her unborn infant. From the outset, Ruth is considering having a fetus removal, and has just paid a five-dollar initial installment to the specialist. She discloses to Walter her thinking for such extraordinary measures by saying, â€Å"†¦Iâ€I’m sorry about this new child, Walter. I surmise perhaps I better go on and do what I started†¦ I surmise I just didn’t acknowledge how awful things was with us†¦ I surmise I just didn’t realize.†(87) Ruth will decimate this infant since she feels that she and Walter simply need more cash to help another relative, and feels that she and Walter will just bring the infant into a universe of battling. Beneatha likewise has impact on Ruth’s choice by asking, â€Å"†¦ where is he going to live? On the roof?†(58). Beneatha feels that if Ruth has another child it would simply muddle the everyday environment, which is difficult enough all things conside red. Afterward, even with the entirety of this negative vitality, Ruth comes to understand that she ought not end the life of her child and chooses to keep it. One of her purposes behind this difference in heart is that her and Walter have been showing signs of improvement, and their steady battling was one of the principle reasons she would not like to have the infant in any case. Additionally, since they are for the most part moving into another house, there will be sufficient space for the child. At long last, in spite of the fact that having a premature birth appears as though a simple way out, Ruth rather ponders the baby’s life as opposed to her own, and decides not to end her pregnancy. Another model that demonstrates this, is when Walter parts with his and Beneatha's cash to purchase an alcohol store, and loses everything. He at that point attempts to recover the cash by offering their new house to Mr. Lindner, despite the fact that the main explanation Mr. Lindner needs to get it is becau... ... purchase the family another house so that Travis would have a superior spot to grow up. Mother could have spent that cash on something she needed, however rather purchased something that would satisfy the entire family. After she purchases their new house, Mama gives Beneatha $3000 dollars towards school and gives Walter $3500 dollars to better his future. Mom has given the entirety of the protection cash to the individuals she thinks about, and saved none of it for herself. She pondered her children’s future and chose to put away the cash towards a superior life for them. This is an exceptionally unselfish follow up on Mama’s section, an ideal case of putting family before oneself. Albeit at times individuals can get enveloped with occasions that they feel just concern themselves, they ought to consistently pause for a minute to consider how their activities could be influencing their loved ones. Companions will consistently travel every which way, yet family is until the end of time. In the event that an individual needs to remain nearby to their family, they need to consider things from both theirs and the different person’s perspectives. For affection, individuals need to forfeit things that they probably won't have any desire to, yet they need to cherish their families enough to help them before they help themselves.

Monday, July 13, 2020

A Case Against Reading the Classics

A Case Against Reading the Classics The book list for World Book Night is noticeably lacking in classic literature. The oldest book on the list is Maya Angelou’s 1969 autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. There are also a number of young adult titles that will be given out that night, too. There is a reason for this.  Modern readers like modern literature. If the goal is to inspire a love of reading in non-readers, it makes sense that we give them books that they see as relevant to their lives today. So give them what they want. Four-letter words are more entertaining. Classic literature was stifled by the constraints of polite society. Even when they were dealing with serious topics, they had to handle things as delicately as possible. There was the church to worry about. The government could censor objectionable texts. To get around these restrictions, they had to be creative. Much of that creativity escapes the modern reader, and there are few who would take the time to do the research necessary to appreciate them.  Modern writers are more direct, and readers do not have to work as hard to find the answers for a unfamiliar reference, should one pop up. Sex and violence keep the 7 plots from becoming stale.  It has long been accepted that there are only seven basic plots that are used over and over again throughout literature. They all center on man’s struggle against the universe. Those seven plots are still in use today, but they are infinitely more exciting. Writers dress them up with technology, violence, and sex.  They are open about things in a way that would have been scandalous hundreds of years ago. They confront their demons, and, in doing so, make readers feel as though they can do the same. It is easier to be inspired by a familiar situation. Women’s lib and civil rights made the literary landscape more interesting.  The vast majority of classic literature was written by and about white men, and, more often than not, they came from a “respectable” background. They may not have been born with money in their pockets, but their families did well enough to ensure that they got a decent education. The poor rarely got that privilege. For a long time, women did not get it either.  Anyone who was not white was most certainly left out. That meant that these groups rarely got a voice in the the literature of the time. Readers today, particularly young readers, want to identify with the characters they are reading about. They want to know that they have a voice, too. This does not mean that the classics do not have a place on the shelves.  It does mean, however, that we should not be trying to force the classics upon an unreceptive audience. Let them discover the classics on their own. Just because they were written first does not mean that they need to be read that way. ____________________________ Cassandra Neace teaches college students how to write essays and blogs about books and book-related goodness at Indie Reader Houston. Follow her on  Twitter:  @CassandraNeace

Thursday, May 21, 2020

Raising Minimum Wage For Fast Food Workers - 1001 Words

Imagine you just finished your degree in public education. You worked tirelessly for four years to prove you have what it takes to lead our nation’s youth to a better future. All your hard work is now being compensated the same as the average Joe flipping burgers down the street from your school. They may have passed high school, or have no education at all. How would that make you feel? Either way, a movement, called Fight for Fifteen, is lobbying elected officials to mandate minimum wage for fast food workers at fifteen dollars an hour, and I feel it is a slap in the face to America’s middle class. With the ridiculous demand to raise minimum wage to unprecedented heights, the economy will tank. In the long run, the people demanding the†¦show more content†¦(WSJ Eric Morath) Imagine what the full fifteen would do. The McIver Study, found that just in Wisconsin, a wage increase to fifteen would cost almost on hundred thousand jobs. (Heartland) These samples alo ne indicate future impacts on our economy. The average minimum wage is around eight dollars per hour. If the Fight for Fifteen movement is successful, we are looking at an 87.5% raise in labor costs on average. Where do you think large companies and small businesses alike are going to cut costs? Mark Perry, of American Enterprise Institute, showed that Seattle has started to experience the hike in labor costs. Since the minimum wage increase in April 2015, restaurant employment decreased by one thousand in the month of May. This is the largest job decline since January 2009, during the great recession. (American Enterprise Institute) Obviously, cutting labor costs at the source, the employee, are prevailing just months after the initial hike. Even if the employee keeps their job, some are losing their benefits to compensate for the increase. In SeaTac, Washington, employers are already taking away 401(k)s, overtime, and health insurance. Employers are transitioning to new technology to solve labor costs. Jobs that are monotonous and require

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Importance Of Preparing And Taking The Act Test

Margaret Thatcher, the first female Prime Minister of Great Britain, once said, â€Å"You do not achieve anything without trouble.† This quote can directly apply to getting ready for and taking the ACT Test (Myres n.pag.). The ACT is a standardized college admissions test that measures multiple skills that students learn throughout high school. This test is said to determine quite a few things in students’ lives to come, and the ACT is supposed to be taken very seriously. Nonetheless, it is very difficult for students to prepare themselves for this test because there is so much that they have to know. Many students spend countless hours preparing and studying for the test because they want to do well, and they go through a lot of trouble in an attempt to succeed. Most of the time, preparing does help boost students’ scores; however, too much preparation can lead to problems and possible negative outcomes in their lives. Thatcher was completely correct when she sa id that there will be trouble in order to succeed because there are a lot of things that can go wrong in a student’s life while he or she is spending time studying for the ACT. Having said this, being a Junior who is getting ready for the ACT is truly the worst of times because it stresses students out, ruins their social and family lives, and determines their lives after high school. To begin, however, one must consider the possibility of ACT Prep actually being a good thing before determining that it is indeed theShow MoreRelatedThe Recurring Theme of Revenge in Shakespeares Hamlet723 Words   |  3 Pages Whether or not the readers enjoy reading or are fond of the play, Hamlet, it’s obviously true that Hamlet’s procrastination on taking revenge for his father’s death is a constantly recurring theme throughout the play. 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What is British Cinema Free Essays

string(97) " the social worker who was introduced by her mother to restart her schooling which she had left\." British cinema is the most respected industry in the world and has the impact on modern cinema. This industry is characterized by its constant debate about its distinctiveness which includes cultural and economic issues and the influence of American and European cinemas. The golden age of British cinema started in 1940 from the studios of Rank and Korda. We will write a custom essay sample on What is British Cinema? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This industry had given many actors, directors and many motion pictures (Curran and Porter, 1993). This paper covers certain aspects of British cinema industry and discusses two movies of the Drama genre released in 2009 and 2010. Both the movie is based on young generation that shows full of inspiration and enthusiasm for a particular dance form. The movies have been targeted to the youth and did good business. The movies also provided a good presentation of the present day’s culture in terms of settings, food, and clothing of characters, family types, issues faced by children in home and schools and others. These teenagers presented in this movie represent a different class of children altogether that have so much passion for their favorite art forms. In the recent past there have been lost of development in various forms of arts from music to dancing. Number of British, American, and Australian, Italian and many other singers and musicians are rocking the world with their music and the increased fan followings for these artists have increased. Teenagers are particularly inspired by them. The glamour of these arm forms attract millions to watch and perform. Discussion British cinema had faced the times of recession and boom. There are many factors which can be used to know the growth of this film industry. The growth can also be known by the number of movies produced. This cinema industry was boomed first time in 1910 but they again seen recession in 1920 just due to the competition with the US. The protective measures, which lead to the recovery and for the high production, Cinematograph Films Act 1927 has been launched in 1936 Curran and Porter, 1993. As British cinema was just got recovered from the first waves of recession, it was hit by other recession waves in mid of 1970. This continued till 1980’s. Due to renewal of private and public investment, British cinema again got recovered in 1990’s. There were some movies produced during recession like Chariots of Fire (1981), which was the successful movie. Like this movie they have released many other movies and they were successful too. British industries have also launched the better technologies to edit the movie and now the movies are releasing in better picture quality. The movies have got worldwide success and these movies earn much higher as they have good picture quality, sound and the storyline like historical, cultural and artistic dimensions. These movies are also well known due to the educational behavior as these movies have some moral into it (Murphy, 2009). Many movies were produced in 2000’s but there were some movies which were highly appreciated by the viewers. Two of the movies are Fish Tank (2009) and Nowhere Boy (2009), which are from the same genre (drama) but the movies are based on the lives of teenage. Movie 1: Fish Tank (2009) Fish Tank is the movie which is based on the life of a teenage girl who got influenced by the street dancers and describes their dancing as being horrible. In this movie, Mia who is just 15 years old girl and living with her mother and sister on Essex Council Estate. She never go out of her estate as she was secured in her house because as she move out, the authorities starts troubling her and that’s why she had left her schooling. She just drinks cider most of the times, in her house. She only came out of her house when she does the street dancing otherwise she remain in her lonely flat and practice inside the house only. Once when she was roaming around in her estate, she saw a horse which was trying to get free but the horse was unable to get free. She found it painful and brought the hammer to help the horse but she faced the anger of its three owners. Two of the owners have grabbed her to stop her but she get away from them after struggling with them. She got free just because of the dog of Mr. Billy, the third owner of the horse and explained everything to Mia. He told her that the horse is not thin but it is ill and it is in its last stage. After this meet they both have became friends. Connor, Mia’s mother’s boyfriend, while preparing the tea in the kitchen, interacted with Mia regarding the music video that Mia was watching. Connor works as the security guard in the hardware store and wanted to be a father figure for the two children. Connor always carries Mia to her room and also removes shoes and put blanket on her. Mia’s mother, Joanne, was enthusiastic as when she asked for the trip, both of the girls got ready to attend her mother and Tyler had shown much interest. When they were on trip, Connor asked about the animal and played the songs of California Dreaming. Mia always tried to impress Connor as when he was catching fish she helped him and also when her mother got hurt in the river, Connor avoided Joanne to give a piggy-back ride to Mia. Mia was slowly attracting towards Connor and she was having some thought in her mind related to Connor. She reacts angrily with the Connor and due to which Connor came to know that she is the witness of the intercourse between him and Mia’s mother. Connor borrowed the camera and gave that to Mia as she wants to go for the auditions of the local dance. In between that time Mia came across the social worker who was introduced by her mother to restart her schooling which she had left. You read "What is British Cinema?" in category "Papers" But Mia refused to go and had a drink from kitchen and went out of house. She had seen the video on street dancing on YouTube and took the help of Billy to search the car parts to buy the alcohol for her self. After she sent her video, she received the call for the audition. When they were celebrating by having the drink, Connor asked Mia to show her dance steps. She performed on California dreaming and was asked by Connor to sit along with him. As Joanne went upstairs, Connor and Mia had sex and then he was embarrassed by the thing he had done with Mia. So he told her not to reveal the secret to Joanne. The very next day she came to know from her mother and Tyler that Connor had left and Mia knows the place where she can find Connor. Mia found him in his house in Tilbury and talked with him so he told her that he is unable to go back again to her mother which directly indicates that he doesn’t even want to meet Mia again. She didn’t made any issue of the age difference but Connor given her money before the goodbye kissing and left her to the station to get herself back home. She wasn’t ready to back her home but she again reached to the Connor’s home from the back window and entered into it as she found it empty. In Connor’s house, she came to know that Connor is married and also he’s having the daughter named, Keira and she had a call of nature over there on the floor. Mia then came out of the house and made a move but she have seen Keira playing on her scooter, also she convinced Keira to set off across the field along with her that she’ll give her an ice-cream as told by the Keira’s mother to Mia. Keira started kicking Mia as they were running through the field and approaching towards river. As Keira became upset, then she started troubling Mia, and as Mia got frustrated, she pushed her and Keira fallen down into the river. Then Mia saved Keira with the help of the Branch of the tree otherwise Keira might have drawn completely. After saving Keira, they both returned back towards the home as the Keira was wet and feeling cold too. Then in between their way to home, Connor arrived and slapped Mia and pushes back her. He then took Keira and drive back towards the home. Many days have been passed and then Mia came to the audition for which she had been called and seen the exotic dancer performing. Her turn came and she came on stage and music started. Then she had seen the fellow semi-nude auditionees and she walked off from the stage and went out to find Billy. She came to know that the horse which she cared for was dead and started weeping. Then Billy came and tried to stop her weeping and ask her to accompany him as he was leaving for Cardiff. Mia got ready and packed her bags and after having a dance with her mother and sister on the song â€Å"Life is a Bitch and then you die†, she went off. While she was leaving her mother didn’t reacted as she said good bye and then she sat with Billy and drive away for the new life. The movie is full of drama and sequence of events that keeps the interest of audiences. Mia in the Fish Tank is struggling with her own emotions, desires and issues of morality. The climax of the movie is a mixer of the feelings where in one hand she leaves the audition that was for erotic dancer, her favourite horse dies and she decides to move ahead to explore better opportunity and before that she enjoys with her family. Movie 2 Another movie which was also based on the same genre was â€Å"Nowhere Boy†. In this movie a teenage boy, Johnson, got success just because of his aunt and uncle. His aunt, Mimi, who is loving, inspirational and reserved kind of woman while her husband, George, is companion for the lively and intelligent boy. John was overwhelmed, when her uncle died due to cancer. During the funeral, John met his cousin Stan who showed him the place where his mother lives and was shocked that the house is nearby to his aunt’s and there he met Julia. Julia was fun loving girl whereas her aunt was strict. Julia’s clothes and her hair have the matching which work as the attraction for John towards Julia. The relationship became deeper between Julia and John which was unfair to Mimi. Julia teaches John to play Banjo and also introduced him to â€Å"Rock n Roll†. Mimi unknowingly bought a guitar for John and due to which he failed to improve in the school and was suspended. Then he moved along with Julia to her home where he met with Bobby. In that night he heard Julia and Bobby’s conversation with which he recognized that Julia is soft hearted and next day she again moved back to her aunt’s house. Then he met with the young guitarist who just looks like a twelve years old kid but he can play the guitar better than any other band. They started the rehearsals together and the band also started creating buzz. Soon he started getting fame and he enjoyed that. Then on Julia’s birthday, he met her after a long time span and found out the truth that why he got irritated in his life. And after that his life started moving smoothly and he got success to every point. The movie shows the struggle of the teenager to deal with the past and move ahead with life. The events and the presentation of events have been very impressive in entire movie. In both the movies, the main aspect was to show the life of the teenage girl and a boy that how the society deals with. In Fish Tank, Mia was the girl who got admired by the street dancers who were performing and in Nowhere Boy also, John got admired from the guitarist who can be able to play much better than the band. And in both the movies, director had shown clearly that the future is influenced by the past. So Mia got tensed in the movie Fish Tank as she heard that Connor had left them and in Nowhere Boy, John was also got irritated due to his past. These movies was generally built for the young generation people as they already have pressure of studies and their hobbies and what they want to be in their life. Society also provide pressure to them which result in making pressure in the mind of the child and due to this many children left studying and they got distracted from their hobbies too. Reference British Film Industry available at http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/in_depth/entertainment/2003/british_film_industry/default. stm Curran and Porter, 1993 British Cinema History, London: Weidenfeld Nicholson 9-23 Murphy, R. ed. , 2009 The British Cinema Book, London: BFI, 1-64, 65-142 Fish Tank official website http://www. michaelfassbender. org/episodesfte. html http://www. hollywoodreporter. com/hr/film-reviews/fish-tank-film-review-1003973214. story Image Fish Tank from http://www. movieroar. com/images/fish-tankpster1. jpg Nowhere Boy Movie Review http://www. futuremovies. co. uk/review. asp? ID=1110 No Where Boy movie details available at http://www. nowhereboy. co. uk/ http://www. hollywoodreporter. com/hr/film-reviews/nowhere-boy-film-review-1004031851. story How to cite What is British Cinema?, Papers

Friday, April 24, 2020

The Sound And The Fury By William Faulkner 1929 Essays -

The Sound and the Fury By William Faulkner 1929 The Sound and the Fury By William Faulkner 1929 Main Characters Caddy - The book tells her story in the first three sections discussing parts of her childhood and growth continuing with her illegitimate daughter in the third section. Benjy - He is the narrator of the first section and 33 at the time, but has a mental illness which makes him deaf and dumb. Quentin - He is the narrator of the second section during his freshman year at Harvard during which he commits suicide. Jason - He is a brother of the three previous main characters and the narrator of the 3 section who describes his relationships with Caddy and her daughter. Minor Characters Dilsey - She is a black servant of the Compson household and the one to see their doom in the fourth section. Caroline Compson - She is the mother of the main character and a hypochondriac. Three main settings The Compson house - Most of the story takes place here at the house of the Compson family. Boston - The second section happens in Boston as Quentin prepares for his suicide. Mottstown - Parts of the fourth section happen here has Jason chase Miss Quentin trying to get back the money she stole from him. Plot The book begins with a section narrated by Benjy. The narration moves back and forth through times since Benjy, being an idiot, has no sense of time. In the present, Benjy is 33. However, we see incidents from his past experiences such as Damuddy's funeral, and the various experiences with Caddy. Near the end of his section, he is mistaken to have sexually assaulted a girl and we find out that he is castrated later in the book. The second section is narrated by Quentin and shows his preparations for his suicide. In the start of the section, he breaks his watch in somewhat of an attempt to escape time. He prepares his suicide notes and gives them to Deacon whom he tells to deliver the notes the next day. He travels around Boston but gets arrested for trying to take a young Italian girl home. He gets in a fight with a guy named Gerald bland, and later drowns himself. The third section is narrated by Jason. This shows the way he takes money from Caddy intended for Quentin. It also shows Quentin's developing sexuality and rebelliousness. Jason partly attempts to discipline her, but it seems more for his entertainment than for a caring for the girl. The fourth section is from an omniscient viewpoint and focuses largely on Dilsey. Dilsey goes to an Easter service where she hears the preacher preach a sermon which reflects the Compson household. Through the sermon, she also sees the inevitable doom facing the Compson household. This section also follows Jason to Mottstown following Quentin who stole $7,000 from him. Symbols Quentin's watch - The watch was given to him by his father and symbolizes life and time. By breaking the watch, Quentin attempts to escape time and ultimately his life. Dilsey - Dilsey symbolizes the only form of reason and logic in the Compson house. All other characters are doomed to life ineffectual lives but she sees the fall that is happening while not experiencing it herself. Style Faulkner's style in this novel is very unconventional. He arranges the novel in four sections which doesn't have the typical chronological part, but shows parts of the story at a time from any which time period. His writing is very characteristic of the narrator with Benjy writing simply from a very objective point of view, Quentin being neurotic, and Jason being sadistic. Philosophy Faulkner shows in this book the tragic fall of a family in this book. He seems to warn against weak family ties showing that to be a great cause of the tragedy of the Compson house. Quotes "They took the flag out, and they were hitting. Then they put the flag back and they went to the table, and he hit and the other hit. Then they went on, and I went along the fence." Benjy narrates this section in the beginning of the book showing his viewpoint of what seems to be golfers. "When the shadow of the sash appeared in the curtains it was between seven and eight oclock and then I was in time again, hearing the watch. It was Grandfather's and when Father gave it to me he said I give you the mausoleum of all hope and desire; it's rather excruciatingly apt that you will use it to gain the reducto absurdum of all human experience which can fit your

Tuesday, March 17, 2020

The 20 Best Video Game Design Schools in the US

The 20 Best Video Game Design Schools in the US SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Are you a gamer who dreams of one day getting paid to create video games? Have you ever played a video game and thought that you could do a better job coming up with the characters, dialogue, or rules? Maybe you should consider studying game design and entering a growing and lucrative field. In this article, I'll explain game design, provide a list of the best video game design schools, and let you know how to use the list to help you find the right college for you. What Is Game Design? Game design is the field of making video games. Game designers help imagine and create the characters, plots, rules, interfaces, and environments for video games.The field of game design combines computer programming, creative writing, and graphic design. Just because you like playing video games doesn’t necessarily mean you’d like designing them. I really enjoy eating, but I don’t like to cook. Game design combines technical and creative skills. You have to be skilled in math, art, and writing to be a competent game designer. The Best Colleges for Video Game Design Game design schools are colleges where you can study game design. At some of these schools, you can get a degree in game design. At others, you can study game design, but you’ll get your degree in a related field like computer science or interactive media. For each school that made the list of the best video game design colleges, I linked to its programs that are most closely related to game design. Some of these programs are majors while others are minors or concentrations in related majors. Click on the link to read about the program, the school’s facilities, the program requirements, and the course offerings for the program. Also, I wrote a few sentences on what makes each program unique. The best programs have extensive facilities dedicated to game design, provide thorough instruction in game design, and have a history of helping undergraduates land a quality job when they complete the program. There are very few rankings of game design programs. The most referenced rankings come from Princeton Review, so my list comes from the Princeton Review rankings. More than 60 data points were weighted to determine the rankings. The criteria to determine the rankings focused on curriculum, facilities, technology, and career services. Results were determined based on survey responses from school administrators on topics such as academic offerings, faculty credentials, graduates’ employment history, and starting salaries. According to the survey, undergrads who study game design earn an average starting salary of $58,000, a 20% increase from last year and 28% more than the average starting salary for all 2014 undergrads. You can check out all of the survey questions here. Below you’ll find the top 20 undergraduate schools to study game design in the United States. The Princeton Review list included international schools like The Art Institute of Vancouver in Canada and Abertay University in Scotland, but I excluded them from this list so that it focuses on the best programs in the US. Game design grads can make good money. (Steven Depolo/Flickr) About the Schools on This List The schools that made the list are from every region of the US and represent diverse types of colleges. There are large public colleges like the University of Utah and Michigan State, smaller public colleges like Shawnee State, tech colleges like Worcester Polytechnic, small private colleges like Hampshire College and Becker College, larger private colleges like the University of Southern California and Drexel, and a small for-profit university, DigiPen Institute of Technology. The 20 Best Game Design Schools in the United States From my research, USC and the University of Utah have the most prestigious programs, but all of these schools have well-regarded game design programs and impressive facilities where you can play and design games. 1. University of Southern California Acceptance Rate: 16% Location: Los Angeles, CA Undergraduate Enrollment: 19,170 Programs: Animation and Digital Arts Interactive Media Computer Science (Games) Game Design About: USC's location in Los Angeles gives it a distinct advantage in helping students gain employment after graduation because many of the top game design jobs are in LA. Students who want to focus on design and production can pursue the Interactive Media and Game Design degrees through the school of Cinematic Arts. Those who are more interested in the technical aspects of designing and developing games can pursue the Computer Science (Games) degree through the Viterbi School of Engineering. The breadth and depth of game design offerings separate USC from other game design schools. The USC marching band. (David Yu/Flickr) 2. New York University Acceptance Rate: 28% Location: New York, NY Undergraduate Enrollment: 26,417 Programs: Game Design About: NYU initiated its game design program in 2015. The program is already well-regarded because NYU offers its students access to advanced technology, it has a reputable computer science department, and the game design program is located in the famous Tisch School of the Arts. Not only does NYU offer a game design major and minor, but there is an entire department dedicated to game design. 3. Becker College Acceptance Rate: 66% Location: Worcester, MA Undergraduate Enrollment: 1,824 Programs: Interactive Media Design About: Becker is home to the Massachusetts Digital Game Institute, which is a think tank related to the video game industry. Massachusetts is also a favorable location for jobs in game design. Students at Becker have access to a high-performance computer lab, a six-camera video motion capture system, and 3D design software. Dom Sagolla/Flickr 4. DigiPen Institute of Technology Acceptance Rate: 57% Location: Redmond, WA Undergraduate Enrollment: 1,067 Programs: Computer Science and Game Design Game Design About: DigiPen is a for-profit school that specializes in preparing students for careers in the video game industry. It began enrolling students in 1994, and it has received substantial support from Nintendo. Class sizes are small with a faculty to student ratio of 1:13. Students from DigiPen have won more awards at the Independent Games Festival than those from any other school. DigiPen's Redmond campus is near more than 96 game development studios. 5. Hampshire College Acceptance Rate: 63% Location: Amherst, MA Undergraduate Enrollment: 1,268 Programs: Game Design and Development About: Students at Hampshire are given a great deal of freedom in designing their own course of study. Many game design and development students create their own games with the help of peers and advisers. Some game design courses you can take at Hampshire include pixel bending and analog game design. One downside is that Hampshire has been going through a lot of financial struggles recently, making its future as an independent institution of higher education uncertain. Keep this in mind if you're particularly interested in the video game design program at Hampshire- you can easily cross-register at (and in the worst-case scenario, can transfer to) Amherst, Mount Holyoke, Smith, and UMass Amherst as a Hampshire student, but you won't find the same game design classes at these schools. 6. Drexel University Acceptance Rate: 77% Location: Philadelphia, PA Undergraduate Enrollment: 15,667 Programs: Game Design and Production Interactive Digital Media Computer Science About: At Drexel, the game design program is a collaborative effort between the digital media program and the computer science department. Drexel's game design program offers some impressive resources including an 80-seat 3D theater, a green screen/motion capture studio, and audio recording studios. For the Tetris game he created in 2014, Professor Frank Lee was given a Guinness World Record for the largest architectural video game display. Main Building at Drexel. (Tom Ipri/Flickr) 7. Michigan State University Acceptance Rate: 78% Location: East Lansing, MI Undergraduate Enrollment: 39,423 Programs: Game Design and Development About: Michigan State offers an undergraduate specialization in game design and development. Michigan State is also home to the Games for Entertainment and Learning Lab, an association of game research and design faculty and students at Michigan State whose mission is to "design innovative prototypes, techniques, and complete games for entertainment and learning and to advance state of the art knowledge about social and individual effects of digital games." 8. Rochester Institute of Technology Acceptance Rate: 57% Location: Rochester, NY Undergraduate Enrollment: 13,515 Programs: Game Design and Development New Media Interactive Development 3D Digital Design About: Rochester Institute of Technology incorporates cooperative education into its game design program. Cooperative education is a full-time, paid work experience that provides students with an opportunity to learn on the job in a real-world industry setting. Graduates of RIT's game design and development programs have gone on to work at top gaming companies including Microsoft, Electronic Arts, Vicarious Visions, and Nickelodeon. 9. Worcester Polytechnic Institute Acceptance Rate: 42% Location: Worcester, MA Undergraduate Enrollment: 4,688 Programs: Interactive Media and Game Development About: Worcester Polytechnic's Interactive Media and Game Development program focuses on merging art with technology. Like many of the other top programs, WPI encourages a hands-on approach to learning that allows students to create their own games and collaborate with their peers. (Sean/Flickr) 10. University of Utah Acceptance Rate: 67% Location: Salt Lake City, UT Undergraduate Enrollment: 24,743 Programs: Entertainment Arts and Engineering About: For its undergraduate program, the School of Computing and the Department of Film and Media Arts offer interdisciplinary emphases in Entertainment Arts and Engineering. Students with a computer science emphasis focus on the technical aspects of video games. Students with a film and media arts emphasis focus on the tools and techniques required for game design, drawing, and storyboarding. The program culminates with a year-long senior project where students build a video game from the ground up. 11. Miami University Acceptance Rate: 75% Location: Oxford, OH Undergraduate Enrollment: 17,327 Programs: Interactive Media Studies About: Miami University's Interactive Media Studies program is an interdisciplinary major that allows studies to study design, business, and technology. Students can declare a concentration in applied or digital interactive media studies, with the aim of positioning themselves as digital experts in their fields post-graduation. This is a highly competitive program with limited openings for applicants. Miami University is also working to launch a Games and Simulation major, which focuses on all aspects of creating and interpreting games. 12. Bradley University Acceptance Rate: 67% Location: Peoria, IL Undergraduate Enrollment: 4,606 Programs: Game Design About: Bradley University offers a game design major and minor. At Bradley, game design is part of both the Department of Interactive Media and the Department of Computer Science Information Systems. Bradley also offers concentrations in game design, animation, and computer game technology. Bradley University. (Bradley University/Flickr) 13. University of Central Florida Acceptance Rate: 43% Location: Orlando, FL Undergraduate Enrollment: 58,913 Programs: Interactive Entertainment About: Florida Interactive Game Entertainment Academy at UCF offers a video game production concentration. Students have the opportunity to study the main skills all game producers need. You'll learn about design, scripting, and project management. This major is for people looking to explore multiple facets of game production, including management, creative, and technical skills. 14. Cogswell College Acceptance Rate: 39% Location: San Jose, CA Undergraduate Enrollment: 595 Programs: Game Design and Development About: Cogswell College offers a Bachelor of Art in Game Design Art for students looking to focus on the creative elements of game design, and a Bachelor of Science in Game Design Engineering for students who want to focus on the technical elements like development. The program is big on hands-on experience, and encourages all students to work on teams that create and develop their own games. 15. Ferris State University Acceptance Rate: 81% Location: Big Rapids, MI Undergraduate Enrollment: 11,885 Programs: Digital Animation and Game Design About: At Ferris State, all students in the Digital Animation and Game Design program are required to complete an internship to get real-world experience and make connections to help them professionally after they graduate. Ferris State also offer a Peer Mentor Program where sophomore, junior, and senior Digital Animation and Game Design majors serve as role models and help first-years students succeed academically. The Digital Animation and Game Design program is focused on helping students reach their career goals. Students are given instruction on how to prepare a professional portfolio and demo reel and how to find a job in their chosen field. 16. Laguna College of Art and Design Acceptance Rate: 39% Location: Laguna Beach, CA Undergraduate Enrollment: 613 Programs: Game Art About: LCAD's BFA in Game Art focuses on getting students ready for the gaming workforce. Students get hand-on experience working in the programs that they will use throughout their career, and get to work with teams to create games from scratch. LCAD students also benefit from the many industry experts that teach at the college. 17. Champlain College Acceptance Rate: 75% Location: Burlington, VT Undergraduate Enrollment: 2,129 Programs: Game Design Game Art and Animation Game Programming About: Champlain offers a game design major for students. Also, Champlain has a dedicated Game Studio where students can collaborate and build their own video games. Champlain has new multimedia, 3D art, and game production labs. Furthermore, game design students are given the opportunity to study abroad in Montreal, home of the Montreal Game Summit and the Montreal International Game Developers Association. Courses in Montreal are taught by game industry professionals in collaboration with game faculty at the main campus. 18. Shawnee State University Acceptance Rate: 74% Location: Portsmouth, OH Undergraduate Enrollment: 4,114 Programs: Game and Simulation Development Arts Digital Simulation and Gaming Engineering Technology About: Shawnee State offers a bachelor's degree in gaming and simulation, which is a computer science degree. Also, it offers a bachelor's degree in gaming arts, a Bachelor of Fine Arts program with a concentration in 3D modeling and texturing. Furthermore, it offers a minor in game design. The game design program graduated its first class in the spring of 2008. 19. University of Wisconsin: Stout Acceptance Rate: 86% Location: Menomonie, WI Undergraduate Enrollment: 8,116 Programs: Game Design and Development About: The BFA in Game Design and Development offers top-knotch equipment and professional tools as students learn the ins and outs of game design. Students work with computer science students and professors to get the most out of their degree, and to ensure that they have a well-rounded base of knowledge as they go out into the workforce. UW-Stout was the national co-champion at the E3 College Game Competition. 20. North Carolina State University Acceptance Rate: 47% Location: Raleigh, NC Undergraduate Enrollment: 25,199 Programs: Computer Science: Digital Games Initiative About: Under the umbrella of their computer science department, the NC State program works with students to build a strong foundation in computer science, and launch their creativity. Students have a strong focus in graphics, writing, and storytelling, and are required to complete a senior design project in their game design concentration. How Should You Use This List? If you want to go to a top game design school, you should research the schools on this list that interest you to determine if they’re schools you should apply to or attend. Figure out whether you prefer a program that focuses solely on game design or if you want to attend a school that will offer you a broader, more interdisciplinary education. What aspects of game design interest you the most? Which schools offer you opportunities to reach your specific academic and professional goals? Even if you know you want to pursue game design, there are many factors to consider to help determine if a college is a good fit for you including size, location, selectivity, and cost. Look at the school’s website and game design programs and use guidebooks, college finders, and other ranking lists to help you in the college selection process. If possible, consult with teachers, counselors, parents, current students, and alumni. Also, keep in mind that many students change their majors or career goals while they’re in college. Even though you may be determined to pursue game design now, after taking game design classes in college or an inspiring course in another field, you may change your plans. Therefore, you should consider attending a school where you’ll be happy, receive a good education, and be able to pursue your interests even if you eventually decide not to study game design. What's Next? Want to dip your toe into the world of design? Learn about the 7 principles used in design across many different fields (including game design!) here. If you want to go to a school that focuses on art, check out the 10 best art schools in the United States. Also, you may be interested in the 17 best fine arts colleges in the US or our walkthrough of how to draw contour line art. If selectivity is an important factor for you in choosing a college, take a look at the colleges with the lowest acceptance rates. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Sunday, March 1, 2020

1st Triumvirate Timeline

1st Triumvirate Timeline Roman Republic Timeline:Â  First Triumvirate Timeline This 1st Triumvirate timeline fits within the End of the Republic time frame. The word triumvirate comes from the Latin for three and man and so refers to a 3-man power structure. The Roman Republican power structure was not normally a triumvirate. There was a 2-man monarchical element known as the consulship. The two consuls were elected annually. They were the top figures in the political hierarchy. Sometimes a single dictator was put in charge of Rome instead of the consuls. The dictator was supposed to last for a short period, but in the later years of the Republic, dictators were becoming more tyrannical and less amenable to leaving their position of power. The first triumvirate was an unofficial coalition with the two consuls plus one, Julius Caesar. Year Events 83 Sulla supported by Pompey. Second Mithridatic War 82 Civil War in Italy. See Social War. Sulla wins at Colline Gate. Pompey wins in Sicily. Sulla orders Murena to stop the war against Mithridates. 81 Sulla dictator. Pompey defeats Marians in Africa. Sertorius is driven from Spain. 80 Sulla consul. Sertorius returns to Spain. 79 Sulla resigns dictatorship. Sertorius beats Metellus Pius in Spain. 78 Sulla dies. P. Servilius campaigns against pirates. 77 Perperna joins Sertorius. Catulus and Pompey defeat Lepidus. Pompey appointed to oppose Sertorius. (See Pennell Chapter XXVI. Sertorius.) 76 Sertorius prevails against Metellus and Pompey. 75 Cicero quaestor in Sicily. 75-4 Nicomedes wills Bithynia to Rome. (See Asia Minor Map.) 74 Mark Anthony is given a command to take care of the pirates. Mithridates invades Bithynia. (See Asia Minor Map.) sent to deal with it. 73 Sparticus uprising. 72 Perperna assassinates Sertorius. Pompey defeats Perperna and settles Spain. Lucullus fights Mithridates in Pontus. Mark Anthony loses to Cretan pirates. 71 defeats Spartacus. Pompey returns from Spain. 70 Crassus and Pompey consuls 69 Lucullus invades Armenia 68 Mithridates returns to Pontus. 67 Lex Gabinia gives Pompey command to take rid the Mediterranean of the pirates. 66 Lex Manilia grants Pompey command against Mithridates. Pompey defeats him. First Catilinarian Conspiracy. 65 Crassus is made censor. Pompey in the Caucasus. 64 Pompey in Syria 63 Caesar elected Pontifex Maximus. Conspiracy of Catiline and execution of conspirators. Pompey in Damascus and Jerusalem. Mithridates dies. 62 Death of Catiline. Clodius defiles the Bona Dea. Pompey settles the East and makes Syria a Roman province. 61 Pompeys triumph. Clodius trial. Caesar is governor of Further Spain. The Allobroges revolt and the Aedui appeal to Rome. 60 Julius Caesar returns from Spain. Forms First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus. See also:: List of Consuls During the PeriodCaesar Timeline for other events in the life of Gaius Julius CaesarCaesar and the First Triumvirate Article

Friday, February 14, 2020

System Analysis and Design course Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

System Analysis and Design course - Term Paper Example For example, a reader can comprehend words even when each letter of the word is scrambled. This process is referred to as typoglycemia. This demonstrates that as long as the first and last letters are present, people are able to read the words. Therefore, words are often read as whole and not in parts. As such, system analysis looks and focuses on the bigger picture. Moreover, I should recognize myself as complete as a differentiated whole. To model my life professionally as a system analyst, I will employ the waterfall model. This is because the waterfall model is easy to follow and stick to. Primarily, the model is a sequential one. Each stage has to be fully completed before moving to the next stage. Problems have to be tackled at each stage before moving forward. Consequently, there is no progress if the problem at one stage cannot be addressed. Therefore, I will model my life professionally as a system analyst by adopting a sequential analysis method. The model will enhance professionalism as it is unidirectional. Additionally, there is a linear representation of the life cycle. In addition to this, milestones in my personal life are seen and comprehended

Saturday, February 1, 2020

Critical commentary of two articles on Indigenous Australian Essay

Critical commentary of two articles on Indigenous Australian - Essay Example The article, therefore, makes a valid argument when it indicates that indigenous Australians must be credited for their role in conservation of the environment and the country’s cultural heritage. Talbot’s article is highly relevant to environment studies, since it proposes that conservation is best addressed from the roots. In this light, the author posits that Australia’s aboriginals would aid in these efforts, since their role in protecting and managing the environment is inherently linked to their traditional knowledge and responsibility, as custodians and protectors of the land they occupy. The article is also pertinent to the course, because it identifies some of the gaps that persist in Australia’s environment conservation efforts, as well as, potential mitigation measures. The article highlights several principle environmental, social and cultural issues. For example, it takes note of the fact that there have been few processes for acknowledging and getting consent from Aboriginals, while developing global heritage nominations. As a result, majority of the indigenous Australians feel isolated and disregarded, in the environment and heritage conservation efforts (Talbot, 2012). The article emphasizes that national government must formulate national policies on conservation, while engaging indigenous persons in the formal discussions. In addition, this article stresses that research institutions, governmental and non-governmental organizations should value cultural and ecological knowledge systems of the indigenous people. Talbot has written the article from the perspective of a concerned Australia citizen, and as an Aboriginal advocating for his people’s recognition in environmental conservation. The principal argument against the principal assertions of this article is that, the national government should independently make policies on environment and heritage preservation. The validity of this argument is

Friday, January 24, 2020

Dynamic Characters and Survival in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath

Dynamic Characters and Survival in John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath In the American epic novel, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, there are pivotal and dynamic changes that occur in the various significant characters of Jim Casy, Ma Joad, and Tom Joad. Steinbeck specifically uses these characters to show their common realizations about all of humanity, in order to demonstrate his underlying meaning about the importance of people coming together, helping each other out, and surviving. Ma Joad illustrates this idea clearly when she speaks to Tom mid-way through the novel: â€Å"Why, Tom, we’re the people that live. They ain’t gonna wipe us out. Why we’re the people--we go on.† (350) Early in the novel we are introduced to a journeying preacher named Jim Casy, who has already been drifting for four years. He has gone through a dynamic change, and through the course of the novel he learns how to apply his new Emerson worldview of an Oversoul that all of humanity is a part of. Jim Casy sees the good in all things and people: â€Å"There ain’t no sin and there ain’t no virtue. There’s just stuff people do.† (30) He therefore shares a concern for and a need to be with the people. It isn’t until later in the novel, however, that Jim Casy becomes fully aware of the truth behind his ideas. When he sacrifices to go to jail for Tom, he learns in prison about the strength and power of men working together to reach their goals. Jim Casy is murdered after he gets out of jail, trying to put some of these new ideas into action. His message only comes into true realization after his death, as it branches out and attracts followers suc h as Tom Joad, but it can be seen in many of the actions of Ma Joad throughout the book. To... ... She comforts the Wilsons, feeds the starving nameless faces when she barely has enough for her own family, works together with the Wainwrights, and as the novel closes she is still directing her assistance to those who are in need any way she can, by helping the starving man and taking control of the situation. She feels that as long as she can hold on to some part of the family, she will see to it that they keep on going. Thus with the Joads and company, the journey West is also a journey from personal concern for oneself, to a larger concern for all of humanity. When there doesn’t seem to be anything left, at least you have each other, the people. That is what will endure, continue, live on, and populate the world. Ma reassures the family at the end of the novel that they are not going to die out, they may change a little, but they will go right on.

Thursday, January 16, 2020

Disputes between the European Union and the rest of the World Essay

Disputes between the European Union and the rest of the World Introduction            The EU (European Union) has become a formidable power through trade, hence creating more problems with the rest of the world. Occasionally its dominance has helped it manipulate its trading partners. Starting with regional labor standards to development policies and internationally, ranging from global governance to foreign policy (Marshall & Jaggers, 2010).This paper will mainly focus on the EU as a dominant trade block. A factor that has undoubtedly contributed to the many conflicts it has internationally. The analysis includes different, but recent trade related conflicts the EU is involved in and points out the factors that led to the misunderstanding, and in some cases if there was a third party involved in the issue. The analysis also shows if a form of solution was reached or if the dispute was left unresolved, and the possible outcomes it had during the time of the confrontation. Lastly, it summarizes the main ideas of the paper and gives a comprehensive ov erview of the analysis. Russia – EU car tax disagreement            Among the first goals of the EU as a trade, hegemony is using its supremacy to secure concessions from others on market participation. This makes it function as an economic globalization determinant. The EU is using its trade dominance to achieve non-trade objectives therefore openly flanking market integration such as social, environment and safety standards to be more political or strategic in nature (Haughton, 2007). A bold move that has often left the rest of the world wonder if such use of trade power by the EU ultimately matter in geopolitical terms.            In 2013, a disagreement arose between the EU and Russia, which mainly centered on the newly imposed car levies. Russia had been a member of the WTO (World trade Organization) for barely a year before the trade dispute began. The EU accused Russia of using a recycling charge levied on imported cars to cover its automobile manufacturers illegally. The EU affirmed that for a whole year it had tried all possible diplomatic channels to amicably resolve the problem but with no success, Moscow declined to review its policies. According to the EU trade commissioners the implementation was not in line with the stated WTO laws that forbid biases against imports (Diakun, 2012).            Allegations arose on what was seen as Moscow’s non-compliance as the WTO sought to find out the facts. Initially, Moscow had some misconceptions about the benefits they would gain by joining the WTO. For Russia joining the union came at a cost of signing up to firm standards, which it understood well, equalized by the benefits of gaining access to a populous and larger markets with guarantee against protectionism. Most critics have accused Russia of failing to keep its commitments and the levy on cars put in place some days after it joined the WTO (Osipov, 2013).            Russia placed an increase in the duties paid on German and Italian vehicles imports, making them more expensive for the customers and affecting their market. The European Union is of the opinion that Russia is doing this on purpose to protect its manufacturers. Critics from Russia say the country is known for never keeping its WTO obligations and that the car levies disputes are part of a long chain of non-compliance laws on goods that range from harvesting machines to alcoholic drinks. Russia, conversely has protested against the EU initiatives to open up the bloc’s electricity and gas market, which it claims affects the regions business structure.            The proposed recycling levy bill failed to be amended by the Russian national assembly before it went into recess, and the EU warned the then Russian Economy Minister to expect a reaction from the union. Under the WTO regulations, Russia has exceeded its 60-day grace period to try and change or explain its laws (Marshall & Jaggers, 2010).            Comparisons between the 2001 China entry and that of Russia were unavoidable as the potential benefits of incorporating a big economy like Russia were very promising. In the case of China the first dispute arose two years after having enjoyed an enormous trade boost immediately after joining: for Russia it took less than 11 months. Russia still has other issues with the EU policies mainly its laws on the control of the European gas pipeline assets by Gazprom. The EU set up a committee to look into the issue. The Russian parliament, on the other hand, passed a ruling that changed the levy on recycling and confirmed the changes sort out the requests pointed out by the committee of the EU panel (Stephanie and Brianna, 2012). EU- Russia- Ukraine- gas dispute            The presidents of the EU, Russia and Ukraine, have agreed to meet and talk in relation to the dispute they have had over the Ukraine-EU free trade and gas agreements. Concurrently, with the efforts to stabilize the Ukraine security situation, the heads of state Vladimir Putin, of Russia, Petro Poroshenko, of Ukraine and Jose Manuel Barroso president of the European Commission are anticipated to hold one-one-one talks, but the venue and dates are not specified. Raising the discussions to the level of the heads of state seems to give hope to possible ease of tension over the Ukraine issue, a crisis that has for long plagued the relations between the West and Russia (Andres & Kofman, 2011).            The EU and Russian president spoke over the phone on possible ways that they could ease the current tension in the Ukraine. In June this year an approved series of three-way talks over gas disputes that brought together the energy ministers of the EU, Ukraine and Russia broke down provoking the Ukraine gas supplies to be cut off by Russia. Since then the EU energy minister has scheduled various meetings with both the Russian and Ukraine energy ministers to restart the initial discussions on resolving the Ukraine-Russian row over gas prices (Diakun, 2012).            The EU consumers have not been affected by the disruption of the Ukraine gas supplies, the Ukraine, however is a major route supply for approximate half of Russia’s gas shipments to the EU. This means that the EU depends on Moscow for a third of its energy. Russia has also recently held talks with the EU to try to calm the Kremlin fears over a wide-ranging free trade agreement that the Ukraine had signed with other 28 EU nations. A move that Moscow believes will be counterproductive to its economy (Osipov, 2013). The competition between Russia and EU over Ukraine gas has led to a problem that escalated when Russia seized the former Soviet Union Crimea region. EU sanctioned Russia for illegally occupying Crimea and on the other hand Moscow retaliated by banning imports from Europe. Which leaves both the opposing at a trade standoff since the dispute is still not resolved. China-EU solar panel dispute            The EU-China solar panel dispute in recent months has taken center stage on most newspaper headlines. This is hardly a new thing since the two are both seen as dominant international trading blocs. Most analysts, however often ignore the fact that trade disputes between economic titans like in the case of the EU and China is not a new thing. Rather they represent a continuous confrontation of the so-called China-EU strategic trade alliance.            The basis that a large volume of the EU-China policy is centered on the concept of normative power makes it one of the primary contributing factors for the long conflict. The EU policies towards China under this principle have developed in four main aspects namely: investments and trade, global governance, technical skills, and social and political changes. EU-China collaborations on renewable energy and climate change are mainly structured on the concept of encouraging sustainable growth.            In regards to the EU-Sino disagreement, the trading commissioner for the commission failed in his role of convincing other state members who already have well-developed solar energy technology to support their proposed sanctions on China. Germany, for example, a renowned leader in solar energy was particularly vocal with its disagreement on the placed investigations and sanction tariffs on China (Stephanie and Brianna, 2012).            In relation to the Sino-EU disagreement, the Commissioner for the EU failed in his initial role of convincing a majority of the members who have advanced and mature solar energy technologies to place retributive measures in China. For example, Germany, which is known internationally as a solar energy giant, is against the said investigations and restrictions placed on China.            The commission’s status from these investigations has been greatly undermined by the EU-China strategy. Such inquiry failures have further prompted China to sideline the commission, if not the entire EU affiliates. Aside from the dispute over the solar panels, the EU reluctance to allow China’s Market Economy Status (MES) is another one of the constant challenges that has not been resolved by the two factions for over a decade. EU has refused this initiative on the grounds that China lacks significant government interventions and transparency in its trade and economic policies (Marshall & Jaggers, 2010).            This drawback according to the Chinese was seen as a possible defeat. They reasoned that being granted the status of a market economy would be a major advantage in their EU-China alliance, both politically and economically. They stated that the principal reason for the EU refusal was due to the vast trade difference between China and the EU, and that the EU has tried to use the market economy status problem to gain more negotiating power and attempt to solve trade market entry and trade barrier issues that cripple their firms. The EU however continues to stress that the decline is a pure technical issue within the blueprints of its anti-dumping laws.            With this perspective of the EU, China has changed its stand from that of a new entrant to a competitor. The EU gets itself in a bind where its economic interests are threatened by its normative power strategy. Such inconsistencies that are allied with EU counterparts have further confused both renewable manufacturers and the Chinese government. The EU has eventually found its drive to promote sustainable development and pursue a value based foreign policy in China that is beyond its levels. The current standoff between EU and China, mainly originated from a mix-up and lack of recognition as to what each side’s law priorities state (Teorell, 2010). The issue has however not been resolved. EU-US Dispute on Trade Alliance            In 2011 the sheer size and importance of the United States-European Union mutual trade alliance, with trades mainly on goods roughly total up to â‚ ¬450 billion making the two trading partners the major trade players internationally. Recently, discussions started on a possible trade alliance aimed at mitigating or eliminating non-tariff and tariff trade hindrances in products and services.            The EU parliament in 2012 demanded the start of talks so as to get a more efficient EU-US trade pact. Among the most highly traded items within the two factions include automobiles and medical products, machines and high tech gadgets, as well as pharmaceutical, optic and photographic appliances among others (Cooper, 2014).            Therefore, their agreements mainly focus on labor and capital intensive industries, as recognized by the economies of scale and intra-industry trade policies. Debates on agricultural products have caused some disagreements in such discussion and with various public opinions; the greatest differences still remain in areas of food safety and consumers, subsidies and environment protection.            One such recent dispute has been on the Boeing and Airbus grants awarded to the concerned companies. A bilateral agreement between the US and EU that was concluded in 1992 centered on the trade of large civil aircrafts, and the parties who controlled the funding of the subsidies in this large sector. The US withdrew from the initial 1992 agreement in October 2004 disputing the public funding allocated to the Airbus. The EU also responded by challenging the public endorsement granted to Boeing. According to the (WTO) World Trade Organization both parties had breached the initial subsidy policies, and therefore were allowed to place counter measures (Tugores-Garcà ­a, 2012). While there is a possibility that such initiatives would clearly provoke a trade war involving other sectors, it is expected that the problem will eventually be solved. The dispute hearing on possible counter-measures started on the 16th of April 2013, and the outcome will definitely have dire c onsequences on how new entrants of large civil aircrafts from other countries can progress while joining the market (Cooper, 2014). Eu-China wines dispute            A recent EU-China dispute on anti-dumping laws centered on wine exports was resolved amicably earlier this year through negotiation and consultation. China had begun an investigation last year to establish whether European wines were sold at the standard price in the country. The initiative was seen as being an EU countermeasure for enforcing disciplinary policies on China’s solar panels. A dispute that had almost driven the two trade giants to the edge of a trade war, was sorted out through mediation by the then China Premier when agreed on price undertakings. In May 2014, the EU warned China that it would commence anti-dumping and anti-subsidy inquiries on its imports of network telecommunication equipment. The solar panel dispute is a case reference that highlights how under the WTO consultation and dialogue rule are the best ways to solve disputes, and that the EU and China had the capability and intelligence to choose this option (Huang, 2010).            In 2012, the export of wine from the EU reached 257 million liters which are approximated at $1 billion, more than that originating from France. In July 2014, the two factions settled a disagreement on poly-silicon products by using consultation and negotiations. It agreed that in the European markets the said products will not be sold below a certain price set by china. On the other hand, China agreed to stop its anti-dumping and anti-subsidy trends initially placed on its imports. Analysts have foreseen this unlikely alliance between the two factions as one that is likely to create a more beneficial atmosphere in the future.            This is because both sides take pride in their bilateral economies. If not properly settled trade disputes often have much bigger negative impact on both economies than can possibly be mitigated. As the EU and China industries are now closely interlinked industrial connections should be incorporated into the frameworks of resolving trade disputes, since it will help improve future relations and avoid further conflicts (Cooper, 2014). China-EU Misunderstandings over Trade Defense Mechanisms            The EU has on several occasions been charged by China for inappropriate use of placed trade defense mechanisms. China particularly charges the EU for using double standards against their imports and products. In 2003 when Chinese companies sold coke in European regions at cheaper rates, they were accused of offloading their products and fined based on the EU antidumping policies. Much later the EU again threatened to file a case against China at the WTO for restricting coke exports, which China clearly explained it had done mainly due to environmental reasons. These are all clear indications of how the EU often used unfair standards against China products which eventually raised disputes between the two parties.            More surprising is the EU refusal to apply several trade methods concurrently. It is a known fact that both European and (EC) European Commission affiliate companies placed (IPR) Intellectual Property rights protection and anti-dumping measures on most of their Chinese imports. For example, on the importations of China electronics, the China-based manufacturers were first charged with IPR infringement. Then the EU in 2005 also simultaneously filed anti-dumping case against the Chinese electronics (Huang, 2010). All of which have helped fuel the long trade disputes between China and the EU.            The anti-dumping policies of the EU have always been characterized by bias trends towards the affected domestic producers. This is most certainly the case being investigated against the so-called (NME) non-market economy countries like China. For a long time, exporting producers from China have been far worse treated as compared to other countries. They had to show that they qualified for their market status, by undergoing very strict regulations that were not required from other foreign exporters belonging to the WTO.            In addition, China enjoyed fewer regulation privileges as compared to other foreign exporters due to the limited access given to the information utilized for the vetting of the injury margin or dumping regulations. A similar EU bias of its producers could be found in the way it proves the existence of hazardous material within the EU industries. In such cases instead of analyzing a substantial size of the industry as a whole, the EU on focused on a small portion of the total industry strictly comprising of companies that support the imposing of anti-dumping measures. Eu – Brazil protectionism dispute            The EU filled at the WTO a trade case against Brazil that seems potentially explosive. The Latin America trade giant received for the first time after almost ten years a case over what it claims are protectionist charges levied on automobiles and other imports. The case is being filled amidst worry that Brazil has over the recent years become more protectionists in nature. The initiative to seek a hearing at the WTO comes as both sides seek to rejuvenate the initial long-standing trade agreement between the Mercosur and the European Union. Officials from the EU recently affirmed that the rising number of tax measures recently introduced by Brazil were not in line with the WTO policies and therefore, provided the domestic industries with undue advantage, while safeguarding them from external opposition.            Initially, Brazil’s move was thought to be aimed at Chinese automobile importers, who in 2011 controlled most of the local Brazilian market due to the aid of ingenious marketing strategies applied by the Brazilian media. Recently the EU openly declared that it was disturbed by the wrong path taken by Brazil on its policies and taxes affirming that such broad tax initiatives also affected smart phones, computers and semiconductors. Such moves negatively affect the EU exporters whose products were levied more than their local counterparts. The EU complained that the implementation also affects the Brazilian citizens since they would now be left with little choice, higher prices and lower access to original products.            The protectionism claims were strongly rejected by the Brazilian side, and they maintain that the Latin America trade bloc had solid counter arguments to show they fully adhered with the WTO trade regulations. Analysts reviewing the continuing dispute have claimed that the EU-Brazil case opens the doorway for more trade cases against Brazil. This implies that there are more cases against Brazil by other WTO members and companies, many of them have endured the injustice since the Brazil market is very lucrative. But now with the slowed economy, it is evident that the WTO members and involved companies are now less lenient towards the Latin America trade bloc (Grina, 2014).            The officials at the EU have said they had brought up the Brazil tax complaints in other former bilateral talks but had made no developments in sorting the problem. The move by the EU to ask for an official hearing of the issue in the WTO gives both parties a 60-day grace period to come up with an amicable solution. If no solution is reached within that timeframe, the EU will be permitted to ask for a formal committee to hear the case, which could impose against Brazil punitive trade restrictions. India-eu trade disputes            The EU and India in 2007 began talks on a wider investment and trade agreement BTIA (Broad based Trade and Investment Agreement) with the intent of opening up trade in services, goods and investment. However even after several negotiation sessions, there has been very little development due to several unresolved issues. Until such issues can be solved a trade agreement between the two nations will never come to pass, and the WTO policies will continue regulating the trades between the two members (Wouters, Goddeeris, Natens, & Ciortuz, 2013).            The EU on automobiles would like to see the eventual elimination of the duty import, whereas India wants to maintain it at 10 %. Talks on opening up regulations on the public procurement as well as the insurance sector have been particularly hard. Though, India is still in the path of changing its laws on foreign investments. The EU wants India to verify its commitment by passing a public procurement bill, which has not yet been submitted to the Indian parliament for approval. The gross domestic product markets in India, according to public procurement, accounts for 15- 20 percent. This is due to the needs of the infrastructure in a wide variety of areas that include energy, telecom, roads, railway and healthcare; these areas are of apparent concern for the development of the EU commerce (Wouters, Goddeeris, Natens, & Ciortuz, 2013).            Simultaneously, India aims to benefit its IT sector with the trade agreements. It mandates the EU to upgrade its status to that of a secure data state. Such recognitions are viewed as important for the Indian based IT company’s expansion. In addition, India is negotiating for its professionals to be given more open Visa to the EU. India had complained over the EU seizing generic medicine that had been in transit through the region. Even though the two parties later solved the problem there are still some significant aspects of the dispute that still emerge.            The EU in 2003 asked for talks with India in relation to 27 anti-dumping allegations in regards to several EU export products that, included chemicals, pharmaceuticals, steel, textile and paper. The EU was of the opinion that there was no proof of the alleged dumping accusations and that there was sufficient analysis of the casualties and injury. Since then India has terminated progress on most of the disputed issues; these include those on pharmaceutical and steel products, the problem remains un-resolved and under consultation (Khorana, & Garcia, 2013).            India in 2010 also asked for talks with the Netherlands and EU in relation to the reported genetic medicines seized on the grounds of patent breach. The taken drugs had been produced in India and were being transported through airports and ports in the Netherlands to Brazil, which was the primary destination. India claims that the alleged Dutch and EU measures were against their agreements under the (GATT) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the agreement under the (TRIPs) Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regulations. It was not until 2011 that the dispute was sorted through mutual consensus.            According to the consensus, the fact that medicines are passing through the EU territory and that there is a patent title warranted by such products in the EU area. In itself does not give much basis for EU customs authority to suspect the patent rights violation. Proof can provide such basis that the medicine might be re-routed onto EU markets. The Indian medicine conflict perhaps might arise, on the basis of the extent of (IPR) intellectual property rights on third world economies (Wouters, Goddeeris, Natens, & Ciortuz, 2013). US and EU Power Struggle            In comparison, these two powerful trade blocks have no difference in the ways they show their dominance in different regions. Mostly they achieve this through agreements that they often have over their access to the market for their goods, capital and services in other areas. Agreements with EU have often been more involved on mutual concessions over levies, rations, and technical obstacles. Nonetheless, they can sometimes be asymmetrical. Either because the EU could be making steeper reductions or the value of the EU reductions could be larger following the size of the regional bloc. Failure to withstand such asymmetries means that the EU, similar to the US, uses preferential bilateral agreements to pry open the available markets that are found in the area as an exchange for accessing its markets. Regionally, EU’s power has taken the form of less accurate mutual concessions (Cooper, 2014).            As more states join the EU, it wants to satisfy its members’ goals by realizing economies of scale via bloc-to-bloc pacts. Such first bi-regional trade agreement are still being negotiated since 2000 mainly involving the EU and Mercosur, which is a customs union created in 1991. It is to be followed by ASEAN (the Association of South East Asian Nations) as new economic partnership agreements (EPAs) with, among others, the Caribbean countries and the Gulf Cooperation Council. It cannot be denied that Latin America especially, has made such moves partly in consideration to reaction by USA’s drive towards regionalism.            The EU and the US have always been engaged in a battle of supremacy since their establishment as trade giants. Each side has been trying to guarantee their members and partners that they have an unrelenting access to markets and resilience in trade and regulatory deals. In addition, both have also tried using their power in trade to exert the type of ‘western dominion’. Mainly Over the developing countries, especially towards the so-called ‘new issues’ that pertain to services as well as intellectual property that were initially made In China and later introduced during the Uruguay Round. Currently, little co-operation exists between the EU–US regulatory bodies. These two powers have kind of began pursuing sharply diverging tactics, which often came up with opposing alliances like during the Hong Kong meeting of the Doha Round that happened in December 2005 (Teorell, 2010). Conclusion            As shown by the paper, it is evident that the EU mostly uses its undisputed trade prowess to pursue objectives that are often non-trade related. Like in the case of China wines dispute and misuse of trade defense instruments. The EU therefore, attempts to forcibly fashion the trade blocs in its image either through conditionality or by force. This shows the way the various quarrels among of the different member states make it hard for the EU to project its dominance more evidently to the entire world (Teorell, 2010).            Nonetheless, such divergences are themselves a byproduct or an expression of existing tensions between various alternative priorities or even norms that must simultaneously be committed to by the EU machinery. They include nondiscrimination and bilateral preferential relations, regionalism and multilateralism, western hegemony and mediating power, trade liberalization and domestic preferences, internal and external goals, equal partnership and conditional opening. It will then be difficult for the EU to effectively become a power through trade without addressing what the majority of the world considers being unsustainable contradictions (Maggi & Staiger, 2012). Reference Andres, R. B., & Kofman, M. (2011). European energy security: reducing volatility of Ukraine-Russia natural gas pricing disputes. NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIV WASHINGTON DC INST FOR NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES.Cooper, W. H. (2014). EU-US Economic Ties: Framework, Scope, and Magnitude. Diakun, A. (2012). EU Foreign Policy in Ukraine: Policy Shortcomings and Russia’s Countervailing Force (Doctoral dissertation, Central European University). Grina, J. J. (2014).  Brazil’s rise to global power  (Doctoral dissertation, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School) Huang, Z. (2010). EU-China Trade Disputes in the WTO: Looking Back to Look Forward. Yearbook of Polish European Studies, (13), 41-57. Khorana, S., & Garcia, M. (2013). European Union–India Trade Negotiations: One Step Forward, One Back?.  JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies,51(4), 684-700. Maggi, G., & Staiger, R. W. (2012).  Trade Disputes and Settlement. mimeo. Marshall, M., & Jaggers, K. (2010). Political regime characteristics and transitions, 1800–2009. Fairfax: Center for Systemic Peace, George Mason University. Osipov, V. (2013). Ukraine: Implications of Future Cooperation with the EU and NATO. ARMY WAR COLLEGE CARLISLE BARRACKS PA. Stephanie Hanson, and Brianna Lee (2012) Mercosur: South America’s Fractious Trade Bloc. Retrieved 3rd 10, 2014. http://www.cfr.org/trade/mercosur-south-americas-fractious-trade-bloc/p12762 Teorell, J. (2010). Determinants of democratization: Explaining regime change in the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Tugores-Garcà ­a, A. (2012). Analysis of global airline alliances as a strategy for international network development (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).Wouters, J., Goddeeris, I., Natens, B., & Ciortuz, F. (2013). Some critical issues in EU-India Free Trade Agreement Negotiations.  Available at SSRN 2249788. Source document

Wednesday, January 8, 2020

Artificial Intelligence Way Of The Future - 2631 Words

Artificial Intelligence: Way of the Future, or Beginning of the End? Christian Scherer April 9, 2015 NOS 110 Henkle Christian Scherer NOS 110 Henkle 4/9/15 Artificial Intelligence: Way of the Future, or Beginning of the End? Artificial Intelligence, this has been a big topic in technology and science news recently especially after Steven Hawking’s comment on the subject. But before diving head first into whether or not Artificial Intelligence is a good or bad thing you must first know what artificial intelligence is, and how it has been developing and advancing along. After that can the discussion start about artificial intelligences plausibility, and if it is really a good idea, or if it could be the end of humanity as we know it. What is Artificial Intelligence? 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